REFRENCES
1. Jeff Linnen et al (26 January 1996). "Molecular Cloning and Disease Association of Hepatitis G Virus: A Transfusion-Transmissible Agent". Science 271 (5248): 505 - 508.
2. Peter F. Malet. Chronic Hepatitis. ACP Medicine Online. 2002
3. SEAN P. ROCHE, M.D.REBECCA KOBOS, M.D., Jaundice in the Adult Patient. American Journal of Family Physician; Vol. 69/No. 2 (January 15, 2004)
4. Green RM, Flamm S. AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1367-1384
5. Lednar, WM, Lemon, SM, Kirkpatrick, JW, et al. Frequency of illness associated with epidemic hepatitis A virus infections in adults. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122:226
6. Wasley, A, Samandari, T, Bell, BP. Incidence of hepatitis A in the United States in the era of vaccination. JAMA 2005; 294:194.
7. Barzaga BN. Hepatitis A shifting epidemiology in South-East Asia and China. Vaccine. 2000; 18 Suppl 1:S61-4
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Viral hepatitis A. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/index.htm. Accessed February 2, 2006
9. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 1999;48:1-37.
10. Fiore AE. Hepatitis A transmitted by food. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:705-715
11. Lednar, WM, Lemon, SM, Kirkpatrick, JW, et al. Frequency of illness associated with epidemic hepatitis A virus infections in adults. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122:226
12. Tong, MJ, el-Farra, NS, Grew, MI. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis A: recent experience in a community teaching hospital. J Infect Dis 1995; 171 Suppl 1:S15.
13. Schiff, ER. Atypical clinical manifestations of hepatitis A. Vaccine 1992; 10 Suppl 1:S18.
14. Koff, RS. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine 1992; 10 Suppl 1:S15.
15. United Kingdom national guideline on the management of the viral hepatitides A, B & C. London (England): British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH); 2005.
16. New York State Department of Health. Hepatitis A virus. New York (NY): New York State Department of Health; 2004 Sep.
17. Steffen, R, Kane, MA, Shapiro, CN, et al. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis A in travelers. JAMA 1994; 272:885.
18. Vento, S, Garofano, T, Renzini, C, et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:286.
19. Centers for Disease Control. Hepatitis Surveillance Report 1990; 53:23.
20. EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis B. 13-14 September, 2002: Geneva, Switzerland. Consensus statement (short version). J Hepatol 2003; 38:533.
21. LOK, MCMAHON. Chronic Hepatitis B. HEPATOLOGY, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2007
22. Coursaget, P, Yvonnet, B, Chotard, J, et al. Age- and sex-related study of hepatitis B virus chronic carrier state in infants from an endemic area (Senegal). J Med Virol 1987; 22:1.
23. Alter, MJ, Hadler, SC, Margolis, HS, et al. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. Need for alternative vaccination strategies. JAMA 1990; 263:1218.
24. World Health Organization: The World Health Report. 1997. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
25. World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. World Health Organization Fact Sheet 204 (Revised October 2000). WHO Web site. 2000. http://who.int/inf-fs/en/fact204.html.
26. D. Lavanchy. Hepatitis B Virus Epidemiology, Disease Burden, Treatment, and Current and Emerging Prevention and Control Measures. J Viral Hepat 11(2):97-107, 2004
27. Jacob Alexander, MD; Kris V. Kowdley, Epidemiology of Hepatitis B -- Clinical Implications. Medscape General Medicine. 2006;8(2):13.
28. Liaw, YF, Tsai, SL, Sheen, IS, et al. Clinical and virological course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis C and D virus markers. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:354.
29. Garfein, RS, Bower, WA, Loney, CM, et al. Factors associated with fulminant liver failure during an outbreak among injection drug users with acute hepatitis B. Hepatology 2004; 40:865.
30. Guillevin, L, Lhote, F, Cohen, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74:238.
31. Johnson, RJ, Couser, WG. Hepatitis B infection and renal disease: Clinical, immunopathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. Kidney Int 1990; 37:663.
32. Fattovich G, Brollo L, Giustina G, et al: Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut 1991 Mar; 32(3): 294-8
33. Fattovich G, Giustina G, Schalm SW, et al: Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in western European patients with cirrhosis type B. The EUROHEP Study Group on Hepatitis B Virus and Cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995 Jan; 21(1): 77-82
34. Takekoshi Y, Tanaka M, Shida N, et al: Strong association between membranous nephropathy and hepatitis-B surface antigenaemia in Japanese children. Lancet 1978 Nov 18; 2(8099): 1065-8
35. Trepo C, Thivolet J: Australia antigen, virus hepatitis and periarteritis nodosa. Presse Med 1970 Aug 29; 78(36): 1575
36. Tsai N.Diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B in the primary care setting. Postgrad Med. 2006; 119(2):28-36
37. Gane, E, Pilmore, H. Management of chronic viral hepatitis before and after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 74:427.
38. McMillan, JS, Shaw, T, Angus, PW, et al. Effect of immunosuppressive and antiviral agents on hepatitis B virus replication in vitro. Hepatology 1995; 22:36.
39. Demetris, AJ, Todo, S, Van Thiel, DH, et al. Evolution of hepatitis B virus liver disease after hepatic replacement. Practical and theoretical considerations. Am J Pathol 1990; 137:667.
40. Starzl, TE, Demetris, AJ, Van Thiel, D. Liver transplantation (2). N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1092.
41. McGory, RW, Ishitani, MB, Oliveira, WM, et al. Improved outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis with aggressive passive immunization. Transplantation 1996; 61:1358.
42. Terrault, NA, Zhou, S, Combs, C, et al. Prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients using a fixed dosing schedule of hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Hepatology 1996; 23:1327.
43. Rawal, BK, Parida, S, Watkins, RP, et al. Symptomatic reactivation of hepatitis B in pregnancy (letter). Lancet 1991; 337:364.
44. Lin, HH, Lee, TY, Chen, DS, et al. Transplacental leakage of HBeAg-positive maternal blood as the most likely route in causing intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus. J Pediatr 1987; 111:877.
45. Ohto, H, Lin, HH, Kawana, T, et al. Intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B virus is closely related to placental leakage. J Med Virol 1987; 21:1.
46. Kane, M. Implementing universal vaccination programmes: USA. Vaccine 1995; 13:S75.
47. Arevalo, J. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. West J Med 1989; 150:668.
48. Ip, H, Wong, V, Lelie, P, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus carrier state in infants according to maternal serum levels of HBV DNA. Lancet 1989; 1:406.
49. Lee, S, Tsai, Y, Wu, T, et al. Role of caesarean section in prevention of mother-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1988; 2:833.
50. Xu, WM, Cui, CYT, Wang, L, et al. Efficacy and safety of lamivudine in late pregnancy for the prevention of mother-child transmission of hepatitis B: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (abstract). Hepatology 2004; 40 (Suppl1); 272A.
51. Terazawa, S, Kojima, M, Yamanaka, T, et al. Hepatitis B virus mutants with precore-region defects in two babies with fulminant hepatitis and their mothers positive for antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Pediatr Res 1991; 29:5.
52. Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001; 50:1
53. US. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Hepatitis B infection. Recommendation statement 2004. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Rockville, MD. www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspshepb.htm (Accessed 03/01/2006).
54. Lok, AS, McMahon, BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update of recommendations. Hepatology 2004; 39:857.
55. Margolis, HS, Coleman, PJ, Brown, RE, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. JAMA 1995; 274:1201.
56. Sherman, M, Peltekian, KM, Lee, C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population. Hepatology 1995; 22:432.
57. Stevens, CE, Beasley, RP, Tsui, J, et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:771.
58. Beasley, RP, Hwang, LY, Lin, CC, et al. Incidence of hepatitis B virus infections in preschool children in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 1982; 146:198.
59. Coursaget, P, Yvonnet, B, Chotard, J, et al. Age- and sex-related study of hepatitis B virus chronic carrier state in infants from an endemic area (Senegal). J Med Virol 1987; 22:1.
60. Villeneuve, JP, Desrochers, M, Infante-Revard, CI, et al. A long-term follow-up study of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carriers in Montreal. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1000.
61. Manno, M, Camma, C, Schepis, F, et al. Natural history of chronic HBV carriers in Northern Italy: Morbidity and mortality after 30 years. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:756.
62. Fattovich, G, Brollo, L, Giustina, G, et al. Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut 1991; 32:294.
63. Fattovich, G, Giustina, G, Schalm, SW, et al. Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in western European patients with cirrhosis type B. Hepatology 1995; 21:77.
64. Liaw, YF, Tai, DI, Chu, CM, Chen, TJ. The development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: A prospective study. Hepatology 1988; 8:493.
65. Liaw, YF, Lin, DY, Chen, TJ, Chu, CM. Natural course after the development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: A prospective study. Liver 1989; 9:235.
66. Bichko, V, Netter, HJ, Wu, TT, Taylor, J. Pathogenesis associated with replication of hepatitis delta virus. Infect Agents Dis 1994; 3:94
67. Rizzetto, M, Ponzetto, A, Forzani, I. Epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus: Overview. Prog Clin Biol Res 1991; 364:1.
68. Smedile, A, Farci, P, Verme, G, et al. Influence of delta infection on severity of hepatitis B. Lancet 1982; 2:945.
69. Smedile, A, Dentico, P, Zanetti, A, et al. Infection with the delta agent in chronic HBsAg carriers. Gastroenterology 1981; 81:992.
70. Ottobrelli, A, Marzano, A, Smedile, A, et al. Patterns of hepatitis delta virus reinfection and disease in liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:1649.
71. Taylor, J, Negro, F, Rizzetto, M. Hepatitis delta virus: From structure to disease expression. Rev Med Virol 1992; 2:161.
72. Polson, AG, Bass, BL, Casey, JL. RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase. Nature 1996; 380:454.
73. Hedin, G, Weiland, O, Ljunggren, K, et al. Treatment of fulminant hepatitis B and fulminant hepatitis B and D coinfection with foscarnet. Prog Clin Biol Res 1987; 234:309.
74. Farci, P, Roskams, T, Chessa, L, et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: Regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1740.
75. Ponzetto, A, Eckart, M, D'Urso, N, et al. Towards a vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis delta virus superinfection in HBV carriers. Prog Clin Biol Res 1993; 382:207.
76. Taniguchi, M, Shakil, AO, Vargas, HE, et al. Clinical and virologic outcomes of hepatitis B and C viral coinfection after liver transplantation: Effect of viral hepatitis D. Liver Transpl 2000; 6:92.
77. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244:359-62.
78. Zhang M, Sun XD, Mark SD, Chen W, Wong L, Dawsey SM, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection, Linxian, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:17-21.
79. Jules L. Dienstag, J.G. McHutchison American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the Management of Hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2006;130:225-230
80. Raja NS et al. Hepatitis C virus infection: An enigma continues. Medicine Today Vol. 4 No. 3 Jul – Sep 2006
81. Mohsen AH, Trent HCV study group. The epidemiology of hepatitis C in a UK health regional population of 5.12 million. Gut 2001;48:707-13.
82. Parker SP, Khan HI, Cubit WD. Detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in dried blood spot samples from mothers and their offspring in Lahore, Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2061-3.
83. Hamid S, Umar M, Alam A, Siddiqui A, Qureshi H, Butt J; Pakistan Society of Gastroenterology. PSG consensus statement on management of hepatitis C virus infection-2003. J Pak Med Assoc 2004;54:146-50.
84. Chaudhuri S, Das S, Chowdhury A, Santra A, Bhattacharya SK, Naik TN. Molecular epidemiology of HCV infection among acute and chronic liver disease patients in Kolkata, India. J Clin Virol 2005;32:38-46.
85. Arora DR, Sehgal S, Gupta N, Yadav A, Mishra N, Siwach SB. Prevalence of parenterally transmitted hepatitis viruses in clinically diagnosed cases of hepatitis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2005;23:44-7.
86. Bernvil SS, Andrews VJ, Kariem AA. Hepatitis C anti-body prevalence in a Saudi Arabian blood donors. Vox Sang 1991;61:279-80.
87. Hwang SJ. Hepatitis C virus infection: an overview. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2001;34:227-34.
88. Yoshizawa H. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus infection in Japan: projection to other countries in the foreseeable future. Oncology 2002;62 Suppl 1:8-17.
89. Lee WS, Ng KP. Seroprevalence of Anti-HCV in an Urban Child Population: A Preliminary Study from Kuala Lumpur. Singapore Med J 2001;42:100-1.
90. Hu KQ, Yang H, Lin YC, Lindsay KL, Redeker AG. Clinical Profiles of Chronic Hepatitis C in a Major County Medical Center Outpatient Setting in United States. Int J Med Sci 2004;1:92-100.
91. Bellentani S, Miglioli L, Bedogni G, Croce LS, Tiribelli C. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2005;51:15-29.
92. Bellentani S, Pozzato G, Saccoccio G, Crovatto M, Croce LS, Mazzoran L, et al. Clinical course and risk factors of hepatitis C virus related liver disease in the general population: report from the Dionysos study. Gut 1999;44:874-80.
93. Khan TS, Rizvi F, Rashid A. Hepatitis C seropositivity among chronic liver disease patients in Hazara, Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2003;15:53-5.
94. Kaur S, Rybicki L, Bacon BR, Gollan JL, Rustgi VK, Carey WD. Performance characteristics and results of a large-scale screening program for viral hepatitis and risk factors associated with exposure to viral hepatitis B and C: results of the National Hepatitis Screening Survey. National Hepatitis Surveillance Group. Hepatology 1996;24:979-86.
95. Khokhar N, Aijazi I, Gill ML. Spectrum of hepatocellular carcinoma at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2003;15:1-4.
96. New York State Department of Health. Clinical Guidelines for the Medical Management of Hepatitis C. New York (NY): New York State Department of Health; 2005
97. Seef LB. Natural history of hepatitis C. In: Schiff ER, Hoofnagle JH, eds. Update on viral hepatitis: syllabus of the 2000 AASLD postgraduate course. Alexandria, Va.: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, 2000:112-8.
98. Mast, EE, Williams, IT, Alter, MJ, Margolis, HS. Hepatitis B vaccination of adolescent and adult high-risk groups in the United States. Vaccine 1998; 16 Suppl:S27
99. Poynard, T, McHutchison, J, Davis, GL, et al. Impact of interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on progression of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2000; 32:1131.
100. Nishiguchi, S, Kuroki, T, Nakatani, S, et al. Randomised trial of effects of interferon-alpha on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic active hepatitis C with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995; 346:1051.
101. Yoshida, H, Shiratori, Y, Moriyama, M, et al. Interferon therapy reduces the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: national surveillance program of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C in Japan. IHIT Study Group. Inhibition of Hepatocarcinogenesis by Interferon Therapy. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:174.
102. Mangia, A, Minerva, N, Annese, M, et al. A randomized trial of amantadine and interferon versus interferon alone as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001; 33:989.
103. Brillanti, S, Foli, M, Di Tomaso, M, et al. Pilot study of triple antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C in interferon alpha non-responders. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 31:130.
104. Zeuzem, S, Teuber, G, Naumann, U, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon alfa2a with and without amantadine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2000; 32:835.
105. Tabone M, Laudi C, Delmastro B, et al. Interferon and amantadine in combination as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 2001; 35:517.
106. Younossi, ZM, Mullen, KD, Zakko, W, et al. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin vs. interferon alpha-2b and amantadine for treatment of chronic hepatitis C non-responder to interferon monotherapy. J Hepatol 2001; 34:128.
107. Helbling B, Stamenic I, Viani F, Gonvers JJ, Dufour JF, Reichen J, Cathomas G, Steuerwald M, Borovicka J, Sagmeister M, Renner EL. Interferon and amantadine in naive chronic hepatitis C: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2002; 35:447.
108. Baisini, O, Gracielle Pigozzi, M, Benini, F, et al. A randomised, open label, controlled trial on the effect of interferon plus amantadine compared with interferon alone for treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Res 2003; 26:167.
109. Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Soldini M, Giancaspro G, Pellicelli A, Grisorio B, Barbarini G. Intravenous recombinant interferon-beta versus interferon-alpha-2b and ribavirin in combination for short-term treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients not responding to interferon-alpha. Multicenter Interferon Beta Italian Group Investigators. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34:928.
110. Bernardinello E, Cavalletto L, Chemello L, et al. Long-term clinical outcome after beta-interferon therapy in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C. TVVH Study Group. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:3216.
111. Shiratori, Y, Nakata, R, Shimizu, N, et al. High viral eradication with a daily 12-week natural interferon-beta treatment regimen in chronic hepatitis C patients with low viral load. IFN-beta Research Group. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:2414.
112. Suzuki F, Chayama K, Tsubota A, et al. Twice-daily administration of interferon-beta for chronic hepatitis C is not superior to a once-daily regimen. J Gastroenterol 2001; 36:247.
113. Katayama, K, Kasahara, A, Sasaki, Y, et al. Immunological response to interferon-gamma priming prior to interferon-alpha treatment in refractory chronic hepatitis C in relation to viral clearance. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8:180.
114. Muir AJ, Sylvestre PB, Rockey DC. Interferon gamma-1b for the treatment of chronic HCV infection (abstract). Gastroenterology 2003; 124:A718.
115. McHutchison JG, Giannelli G, Nyberg L, et al. A pilot study of daily subcutaneous interleukin-10 in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:1265.
116. Nelson DR, Lauwers GY, Lau JY, Davis GL. Interleukin 10 treatment reduces fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a pilot trial of interferon nonresponders. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:655.
117. Ohto, H, Terazawa, S, Sasaki, N, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:744.
118. Zanetti, AR, Tanzi, E, Paccagnini, S, et al. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lombardy Study Group on Vertical HCV Transmission. Lancet 1995; 345:289.
119. Thaler, MM, Park, CK, Landers, DV, et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1991; 338:17
120. Alter, MJ, Mast, EE. The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1994; 23:437.
121. Lu, L, Li, C, Hagedorn, CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol 2006; 16:5.
122. Aggarwal R and Krawczynski K. Hepatitis E: An overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2000, 15:9-20
123. Mast EE et al. Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel. Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Serum Panel Evaluation Group. Hepatology, 1998, 27(3):857-861.
124. Purcell RH and Ticehurst JR. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. In: Zuckerman A, eds. Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, New York, Alan R. Liss, 1988:131-137
125. Ticehurst JR. Hepatitis E Virus. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, and Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7th ed. Washington DC, American Society for Microbiology Press, 1999:1053-1069.
126. Purcell RH. Hepatitis E virus. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, and Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott - Raven, 1996:2831-2843.
127. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Viral Hepatitis A to E: An Overview. 2000. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/index.htm
128. Khuroo MS et al. Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. Lancet, 1993, 341:1355.
129. Khuroo, MS, Kamili, S, Yattoo, GN. Hepatitis E virus infection may be transmitted through blood transfusions in an endemic area. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:778.
130. Kumar, RM, Uduman, S, Rana, S, et al. Sero-prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis E virus among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 100:9
131. Khuroo, MS, Kamili, S, Jameel, S. Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. Lancet 1995; 345:1025.
132. Chau, TN, Lai, ST, Tse, C, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of sporadic hepatitis e as compared with hepatitis a. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:292.
133. Khuroo, MS, Teli, MR, Skidmore, S, et al. Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med 1981; 70:252.
134. Hamid, SS, Atiq, M, Shehzad, F, et al. Hepatitis E virus superinfection in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2002; 36:474.
135. Tam AW et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. Virology, 1991, 185(1):120-131.
136. Aye TT et al. Sequence and gene structure of the hepatitis E virus isolated from Myanmar. Virus Genes, 1993, 7:95-109.
137. Takahashi, M, Kusakai, S, Mizuo, H, et al. Simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly specific for diagnosis of acute HEV infection. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:49.
138. Chauhan, A, Jameel, S, Dilawari, JB, et al. Hepatitis E virus transmission to a volunteer. Lancet 1993; 341:149.
139. Dawson, GJ, Mushahwar, IK, Chau, KH, Gitnick, GL. Detection of long-lasting antibody to hepatitis E virus in a US traveller to Pakistan. Lancet 1992; 340:426
140. Favorov, MO, Fields, HA, Purdy, MA, et al. Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. J Med Virol 1992; 36:246
141. Khuroo, MA, Kamili, S, Dar, MY, et al. Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. Lancet 1993; 341:1355.
142. Myint, KS, Guan, M, Chen, HY, et al. Evaluation of a new rapid immunochromatographic assay for serodiagnosis of acute hepatitis E infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73:942.
143. Chen, HY, Lu, Y, Howard, T, et al. Comparison of a new immunochromatographic test to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of immunoglobulin m antibodies to hepatitis e virus in human sera. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:593.
144. Mast EE, Krawczynski K: Hepatitis E: an overview. Annu Rev Med 1996; 47: 257-66.
145. Purdy MA, Krawczynski K: Hepatitis E. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1994 Sep; 23(3): 537-46
146. Shrestha MP at al. Safety and Efficacy of a Recombinant Hepatitis E Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2007, March. 356 (9):895-903
147. Czaja AJ. Current concepts in autoimmune hepatitis. Ann Hepatol. 2005;4:6-24
148. Czaja AJ, Freese DK. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497
149. Boberg KM. Prevalence and epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis. 2002;6:635-647.
150. Seaberg EC, Belle SH, Beringer KC, Schivins JL, Detre KM. Liver transplantation in the United States from 1987-1998: updated results from the Pitt-UNOS liver transplant registry. In: Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, eds. Clinical Transplants 1998. Los Angeles, Calif: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratories; 1999:17-37.
151. Kosar Y, Kacar S, Sasmaz N, et al.: Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Turkish patients: absence of association with HLA B8. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002, 35:185-190.
152. Lim KN, Casanova RL, Boyer TD, Bruno CJ. Autoimmune hepatitis in African Americans: presenting features and responses to therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:3390-3394.
153. Hurlburt KJ, McMahon BJ, Deubner H, Hsu-Trawinski B, Williams JL, Kowdley KV. Prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis in Alaska natives. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2402-2407.
154. Zolfino T, Heneghan MA, Norris S, Harrison PM, Portmann BC, McFarlane IG. Characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in patients who are not of European Caucasoid ethnic origin. Gut. 2002;50:713-717.
155. D'Souza R, Sinnott P, Glynn MJ, Sabin CA, Foster GR. An unusual form of autoimmune hepatitis in young Somalian men. Liver International. 2005;25:325-330.
156. Seki T, Ota M, Furuta S, et al. HLA class II molecules and autoimmune hepatitis susceptibility in Japanese patients. Gastroenterology. 1992;103:1041-1047.
157. Czaja AJ, Souto EO, Bittencourt PL, et al. Clinical distinctions and pathogenic implications of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Brazil and the United States. J Hepatol. 2002;37:302-308.
158. Krawitt E L. Autoimmune Hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006, Jan 5. 354 (1):54-66
159. Hennes EM, Zeniya M, Czaja AJ, et al. Simplified diagnostic criteria for autoimmune hepatitis (abstract). Hepatology. 2005;42:295A.
160. Alvarez F, Berg PA, Bianchi FB, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31:929-938.
161. Albert J. Czaja, MD. Autoimmune Hepatitis -- Approach to Diagnosis. Medscape General Medicine. 2006;8(2):55
162. Dufour, JF, De Lellis, R, Kaplan, MM. Reversibility of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:981.
163. Malekzadeh, R, Mohamadnejad, M, Nasseri-Moghaddam, S, et al. Reversibility of cirrhosis in autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Med 2004; 117:125.
164. Schramm, C, Herkel, J, Beuers, U, et al. Pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: outcome and risk factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:556.
165. Heneghan, MA, Norris, SM, O'Grady, JG, et al. Management and outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis. Gut 2001; 48:97.
166. Steven, MM, Buckley, JD, Mackay, IR. Pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis. Q J Med 1979; 48:519.
167. Lee, MG, Hanchard, B, Donaldson, EK, et al. Pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis. J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 90:245.
168. Bellary, S, Schiano, T, Hartman, G, et al. Chronic hepatitis with combined features of autoimmune chronic hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C: Favorable response to prednisone and azathioprine. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:32
1. 169 Shyamal K Das; Kunal Ray. Wilson's Disease: An Update. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2(9):482-493.
2. 170. Ferenci P: Review article: diagnosis and current therapy of Wilson's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:157
3. 171. Figus A et al. (1995) Molecular pathology and haplotype analysis of Wilson disease in Mediterranean populations. Am J Hum Genet 57: 1318-1324
4. 172. Frydman M et al. (1985) Assignment of the gene for Wilson disease to chromosome 13: linkage to the esterase D locus. Proc Natl Acad Sc USA 82: 1891-1821
5. 173 Steindl, P, Ferenci, P, Dienes, HP, et al. Wilson's disease in patients presenting with liver disease a diagnostic challenge. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:212.
6. 174. Ala, A, Borjigin, J, Rochwarger, A, Schilsky, M. Wilson disease in septuagenarian siblings: Raising the bar for diagnosis. Hepatology 2005; 41:668.
7. 175. Saito, T. Presenting symptoms and natural history of Wilson disease. Eur J Pediatr 1987; 146:261.
Jackson, GH, Meyer, A, Lippmann, S. Wilson's disease. Psychiatric manifestations may be the clinical presentation. Postgrad Med 1994; 95:135.
Oder, W, Prayer, L, Grimm, G, et al. Wilson's disease: Evidence of subgroups derived from clinical findings and brain lesions. Neurology 1993; 43:120.
Menerey, KA, Eider, W, Brewer, GJ. The arthropathy of Wilson's disease: Clinical and pathologic features. J Rheumatol 1988; 15:331.
MORGAN, HG, STEWART, WK, LOWE, KG, et al. Wilson's disease and the Fanconi syndrome. Q J Med 1962; 31:361.
Wiebers, DO, Wilson, DM, McLeod, RA, Goldstein, NP. Renal stones in Wilson's disease. Am J Med 1979; 67:249
Kosminkova, EN, Generalova, SIu, Ponomarev, AB. [The development of diffuse cholangiocarcinoma in a female patient with long-term undiagnosed Wilson's disease]. Ter Arkh 1995; 67:85.
Madden, JW, Ironside, JW, Triger, DR, Bradshaw, JP. An unusual case of Wilson's disease. Q J Med 1985; 55:63.
Walshe, JM, Waldenstrom, E, Sams, V, et al. Abdominal malignancies in patients with Wilson's disease. QJM 2003; 96:657.
Goyal, V, Tripathi, M. Sunflower cataract in Wilson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69:133.
Stevens, AC, Glaser, J. Image of the month. Sunflower cataract. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:6.
Prashanth LK et al. (2004) Wilson's disease: diagnostic errors and clinical implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75: 907-909
Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. A practice guideline on Wilson disease. Hepatology 2003 Jun;37(6):1475-92.
Brewer, GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V, Dick, R, Wang, Y. Does a vegetarian diet control Wilson's disease?. J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12:527.
Walshe, JM. Diagnosis and treatment of presymptomatic Wilson's disease. Lancet 1988; 2:435.
Brewer, GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V, Lee, DY, Appelman, H. Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. VI. Initial treatment studies. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 114:633
Powell LW, Subramaniam VN, Yapp TR. Haemochromatosis in the new millennium. J Hepatol 1999;32:48-62
192. Adams PC. Population screening for haemochromatosis. Gut 2000;46:301-3.
193. Olynyk JK, Cullen DJ, Aquilia S, Rossi E, Summerville L, Powel LW. A population based study of the clinical expression of the hemochromatosis gene. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:718-724.
194. Edwards CQ, Griffen LM, Goldgar D, Drummond C, Skolnick MH, Kushner JP. Prevalence of hemochromatosis among 11, 065 presumably healthy blood donors. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1355-1362.
195. Pippard, MJ. Detection of iron overload. Lancet 1997; 349:73.
196. Niederau, C, Niederau, CM, Lange, S, et al. Screening for hemochromatosis and iron deficiency in employees and primary care patients in western Germany. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128:337.
197. Walid Ayoub, MD, Paul Martin, MD, Tram Tran. Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Medscape General Medicine 5(2), 2003.
198. Hash RB. Hereditary Hemochromatosis. J Am Board Fam Pract 14(4):266-273, 2001.
199. Tung BY, Kowdley KV. Clinical management of iron overload. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998; 27:637-54.
200. Powell LW, George DK, McDonnell SM, Kowdley KV. Diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:925-31
201. Willis G, Wimperis JZ, Lonsdale R, et al. Incidence of liver disease in people with HFE mutations. Gut 2000;46:401-4.
202. Fargion S, Mattioli M, Sampietro M, et al. Siderosis in cirrhosis: is genetic hemochromatosis ruled out? Gastroenterology 1998;114:623-4.
203. Tavill AS. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis. Hepatology 2001 May;33(5):1321-8
204. Brandhagen DJ, Fairbanks VF, Batts KP, Thibodeau SN. Update on hereditary hemochromatosis and the HFE gene. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:917-21.
205. McDonnel SM, Phatak PD, Felitti V, Hover A, McLaren GD. Screening for hemochromatosis in primary care settings. Ann Intern Med 1998;129: 962-70.
206. Barton JC, McDonnell SM, Adams PC, et al. Management of hemochromatosis. Hemochromatosis Management Working Group. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:932-9.
207. Tung BY, Kowdley KV. Clinical management of iron overload. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998; 27:637-54.
208. Little DR. Hemochromatosis: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 1996; 53:2623-8.
209. Brandhagen DJ, Fairbanks VF, Batts KP, Thibodeau SN. Update on hereditary hemochromatosis and the HFE gene. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:917-21.
210. Zoller H, Pietrangelo A, Vogel W, Weiss G. Duodenal metal-transporter (DMT-1, NRAMP-2) expression in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Lancet 1999;353: 2120-3.
211. Witte DL, Crosby WH, Edwards CQ, Fairbanks VF, Mitros FA. Practice guideline development task force of the College of American Pathologists: hereditary hemochromatosis. Clin Chim Acta 1996;245:139-200.
212. Niederau, C, Fischer, R, Sonnenberg, A, et al. Survival and causes of death in cirrhotic and in noncirrhotic patients with primary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1256.
213. Niederau, C, Fischer, R, Purschel, A, et al. Long-term survival in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:1107.
214. Sandhaus RA: alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency. 6: new and emerging treatments for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Thorax 2004 Oct; 59(10): 904-9
215. Batt AM, Ferrari L: Manifestations of chemically induced liver damage. Clin Chem 1995 Dec; 41(12 Pt 2): 1882-7
216. Brunner and Suddharth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Eight Edition), by Suzanne C. Smeltzer and Brenda G. Bare. 1996 Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Pittsburg (p.984)
S. Sougioultzis; E. Dalakas; P. C. Hayes; J. N. Plevris. Alcoholic Hepatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(9):1337-1346
218. Tome S et al: Review article: current management of alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:707
219. Lieber CS: Alcoholic liver disease: new insights in pathogenesis lead to new treatments. J Hepatol 2000; 32(1 Suppl): 113-28
220. McCullough, AJ, O'Connor, JF. Alcoholic liver disease: Proposed recommendations for the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:2022.
221. Josh Levitsky, M.D.; Mark E. Mailliard. Diagnosis and Therapy of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 24(3):233-247, 2004.
1. 222. Mendenhall CL. Alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol 1981;10:417-441
223. Cohen JA, Kaplan MM. The SGOT/SGPT ratio—an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1979;24:835-838
224. Sorbi D, Boynton J, Lindor KD. The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase: potential value in differentiating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1018-1022
225. Williams AL, Hoofnagle JH. Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1988;95:734-739
226. Diehl AM, Potter J, Boitnott J, et al. Relationship between pyridoxal 5´-phosphate deficiency and aminotransferase levels in alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1984;86:632-636
227. Bell H, Tallaksen CM, Try K, Haug E. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and other markers of high alcohol consumption: a study of 502 patients admitted consecutively to a medical department. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18: 1103-1108
228. Stewart SH. Racial and ethnic differences in alcohol-associated aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase elevation. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2236-2239
229. Talley NJ, Roth A, Woods J, Hench V. Diagnostic value of liver biopsy in alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988;10:647-650
230. MacSween. Alcoholic liver disease: morphological manifestations. Review by an international group. Lancet 1981;1: 707-711
231. Velt PM, Choy OG, Shimkin PM, Link RJ. Transjugular liver biopsy in high-risk patients with hepatic disease. Radiology 1984;153:91-93
232. Levin DM, Baker AL, Riddell RH, et al. Nonalcoholic liver disease. Overlooked causes of liver injury in patients with heavy alcohol consumption. Am J Med 1979;66:429-434
233. Ludwig, J, Viggiano, TR, McGill, DB, Ott, BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55:434.
234. Sheth, SG, Gordon, FD, Chopra, S. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:137
235.Norma C McAvoy; James W Ferguson; Ian W Campbell; Peter C Hayes. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Natural History, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2006;6(6):251-260
236. Propst, A, Propst, T, Judmaie, G, Vogel, W. Prognosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (letter). Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1607.
237. Nonomura, A, Mizukami, Y, Unoura, M, et al. Clinicopathologic study of alcohol-like liver disease in non-alcoholics; Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Gastroenterol Jpn 1992; 27:521.
238. Wanless, IR, Lentz, JS. Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: An autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatology 1990; 12:1106.
239. Marchesini, G, Brizi, M, Morselli-Labate, AM, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999; 107:450.
240. Marchesini, G, Bugianesi, E, Forlani, G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 2003; 37:917.
241. Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J et al: The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005 Jul; 129(1): 113-21
242. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002 Nov;123(5):1702-4.
243. Powell, EE, Cooksley, WG, Hanson, R, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A follow up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 1990; 11:74.
344. Lee, RG. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A study of 49 patients. Hum Pathol 1989; 20:594.
345. Bacon, BR, Faravash, MJ, Janney, CG, Neuschwander-Tetri, BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: An expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:1103.
346. Matteoni, CA, Younossi, ZM, Gramlich, T, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:1413.
347. Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J et al: The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005 Jul; 129(1): 113-21
Feedjit
HEAPTITIS
Thursday, November 12, 2009
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
0 comments:
Post a Comment